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 Etymology:
Depending on locality, hookahs are known variously as a water pipe, nargeela/nargile/narghile/nargileh, argeela/arghileh, shisha/sheesha, okka, kalyan, or ghelyoon or ghalyan. Many of these names are of Arab, Indian, Turkish, Uzbek, or Persian origin. "Narghile" (???????) is from the Persian word nargil (??????) or "coconut", and in Sanskrit narikela (???????) since the original nargile came from India and was made out of coconut shells[1]. "Shisha" (????) is from the Persian word shishe (????, literally translated as "glass" and not bottle). "Hashish" (????) is an Arabic word for grass, which may have been another way of saying tobacco. Another source states, "In early Arabic texts, the term hashish referred not only to cannabis resin but also to the dried leaves or flower heads and sweetmeats made with them".[2] "Hookah" (Arabic ???, Urdu ???) itself may stem from Arabic uqqa, meaning small box, pot, or jar. Both names refer to the original methods of constructing the smoke/water chamber part of the hookah.
"Narghile" is the name most commonly used in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Palestine, Israel and Romania, though the initial "n" is often dropped in Arabic. "Shisha" is more commonly seen in Egypt, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia and Somalia. In Iran it is called ghalyoun or ghalyan (?????) and in Pakistan and India it is referred to as huqqa. The archaic form of this latter name, hookah is most commonly used in English for historical reasons, as it was in India that large numbers of English-speakers first sampled the effects of the water pipe. William Hickey wrote in his Memoirs that shortly after his arrival in Calcutta in 1775:
Hookah
The most highly-dressed and splendid hookah was prepared for me. I tried it, but did not like it. As after several trials I still found it disagreeable, I with much gravity requested to know whether it was indispensably necessary that I should become a smoker, which was answered with equal gravity, 'Undoubtedly it is, for you might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion. Here everybody uses a hookah, and it is impossible to get on without'.....[I] have frequently heard men declare they would much rather be deprived of their dinner than their hookah.
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